施用钢渣粉对水稻生长与产量及重金属含量的影响

2014—2015年,分别以中嘉早17和五丰优T025为早、晚季试验材料,通过田间定位试验,在氮、磷、钾养分施用量相同的条件下,研究不同用量(0、450、750 kg/hm~2)钢渣粉对双季水稻生长、产量及重金属含量的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,增施钢渣粉有利于促进水稻根系生长,提高水稻生育后期根系活力和产量,根系干质量增幅为10.1%~25.8%,根系活力的增幅为14.3%~29.4%,产量的增幅为4.6%~6.2%;同时还能提高土壤pH值和有效氮、磷、钾、硅养分含量以及阳离子交换量(CEC),平均增幅分别为2.4%、3.7%、6.6%、2.1%、11.1%、5.4%;对土壤和稻米中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Cr、Mn的含量影响较小。     

鲜食葡萄的硅肥施用效应及其安全评价

通过两年(2015~2016年)田间小区试验,比较研究了水淬渣硅肥与钢渣硅肥对无核紫和红地球葡萄生长、产量、果实丙二醛(MDA)含量和抗氧化物酶活性及叶片和土壤重金属含量的影响,并分析了土壤环境风险。结果表明,施硅可显著提高土壤有效硅和叶片含硅量(P0.05),收获期两种硅肥处理的土壤有效硅和叶片含硅量分别比CK处理提高9.9%~13.0%和28.4%~41.7%;施硅处理均显著提高了两种葡萄叶片干物质量、厚度和产量(P0.05),其中水淬渣和钢渣硅肥处理的葡萄产量较CK处理分别提高15.5%和11.1%;硅肥处理较CK处理可提高葡萄果实超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)等抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA含量,但各处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。两种钢渣硅肥施用均对土壤重金属含量无显著影响;对葡萄叶片中Cu、Hg含量无显著影响,而As、Cd、Pb和Cr含量均显著降低;各处理土壤重金属综合污染指数均小于1。总之,两种钢渣硅肥施用可提高葡萄产量,降低葡萄叶片重金属含量,且未对土壤环境造成安全风险。其中,水淬渣硅肥效果优于钢渣硅肥。     

两种钢渣源调理剂对水稻生长及氮磷钾吸收量的影响

钢渣富含硅、钙等养分,是优良的土壤调理剂原料,但其肥效和合理施用量在很大程度上取决于钢渣的养分含量和组分,本研究选取白色钢渣调理剂(W)和黄色钢渣调理剂(Y)2种性质不同的钢渣调理剂,通过盆栽试验研究其不同施用量(W调理剂0.74、1.47、2.94、5.88 g·kg~(-1)和11.76 g·kg~(-1);Y调理剂1.47、2.94、5.88、11.76 g·kg~(-1)和23.52 g·kg~(-1))对水稻生长的影响。研究结果表明,与单施NPK相比,添加W调理剂对水稻生长无显著促进作用,而Y调理剂施用量为11.76 g·kg~(-1)和23.52 g·kg~(-1)时可提高晚稻籽粒产量20%,且当Y调理剂施用量为5.88~23.52 g·kg~(-1)时显著提高晚稻秸秆产量24.02%~35.23%。施用Y调理剂促进了晚稻对氮、磷、钾素的吸收,提高幅度分别为12.61%~21.55%、7.63%~38.31%、11.89%~54.13%。综合结果表明,在弱酸性水稻土(pH 6.51)上,添加W钢渣源调理剂未促进水稻生长,而施用Y调理剂对晚稻生长和氮磷钾养分吸收具有一定的促进作用。     

Liming an acid soil treated with diverse silicon sources: Effects on silicon uptake by sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids)

Highly weathered soils are typically acid, with low plant-available silicon (Si), and may also be high in soluble aluminum (Al). We tested whether pre-liming an acid soil prior to silicate fertilizer application improved Si uptake by sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids), feasibly through elimination of reactive Al. Three trials with potted sugarcane were grown in an acid soil. Treatments included 11 different Si sources and 1- or 3-month pre-liming periods. Soil and plant tissue Si content and yield were determined. Pre-liming for a 1- or 3-month period did not increase plant Si uptake and reduced available soil Si throughout. Alkaline Si sources produced significantly more plant-available Si and greater plant uptake than non-alkaline sources. Silicon and lime treatments did not significantly increase yield. We conclude that pre-liming an acid soil before Si application is unlikely to significantly improve Si uptake by sugarcane.     

金属冶炼厂对周边植物物种多样性的影响

[目的]揭示距离厂区不同距离植物物种多样性的变化规律和原因。[方法1利用物种丰富度指数（S）、Simpson多样性指数（D）、Shannon—wiener多样性指数（H）和Pielou均匀度指数（J）研究了距离厂区不同距离样地的植物和草本植物物种多样性。[结果]厂区周边植物中综合优势比较大的植物为大籽蒿、芨芨草、画眉草、狗尾草、小草、四方蒿、臭蒿、清明草、野菊、齿冠草、川西小黄菊、滇川唐松草、黄花莱等。种数较少的科（18科）总种数（25种）占所有总种数的17．48％。S和H随距离的增加而显著增加,100m区域内S和H显著较小,100～300m区域内S和D略高一些。D只在100m区域内显著较小．其他距离该参数无显著差异;J在所有距离问无显著差异。[结论]该研究为金属冶炼厂污染情况的监测及周边地区的植物多样性保护提供了参考。     

马铃薯淀粉渣制备羧甲基纤维素和羧甲基淀粉混合物的研究

[目的]以马铃薯淀粉渣为原料制备羧甲基纤维素（CMC）和羧甲基淀粉（CMS）混合物。[方法]采用溶媒法,以乙醇为溶剂,氯乙酸为醚化剂,研究醚化过程中各种因素对马铃薯淀粉渣制备CMC和CMS混合物的影响。[结果]马铃薯淀粉渣制备CMC和CMS混合物的最佳工艺条件：M精制原料∶MNaOH∶MClCH2COOH=1.0∶1.2∶1.6,以70%的乙醇溶液为溶剂,碱化温度30℃、时间60 min,醚化温度70℃、时间150 min。按最佳条件制得的CMC和CMS混合物产品各项指标为：黏度3.6-3.9 Pa.s;取代度0.5;pH值7.0-7.5;干燥减量8.0%-8.5%;氯化物含量0.14%-0.18%;铅含量0.001%;砷含量0.000 014%。[结论]在一定程度上解决了马铃薯深加工的环境污染问题,同时大大降低了CMC和CMS的生产成本。     

高炉炉渣对磷的吸附特性

首先对高炉炉渣经过不同浓度硫酸处理后在不同pH条件下的除磷效果进行了研究;再通过等温吸附、动力学吸附和热力学吸附模拟实验,应用不同的吸附方程进行拟合,探讨了静态实验下高炉炉渣对磷的吸附特性。结果表明:高炉炉渣在经过2 mol/L硫酸处理后,在pH=9的条件下对磷具有最好的吸附性能;Langmuir等温吸附模型能较好地模拟高炉炉渣对磷的等温吸附过程;Lagergren一级吸附速率方程和Bangham动力学方程均能较好地描述高炉炉渣对磷的动力吸附,且前者更好。根据Gibbs自由能变(△G0<0)和标准反应焓变值(△H0>0)判断,该吸附是自发的、吸热的化学吸附反应。     

Parametric Analysis of Compression Sensitivity for Steel Slag Mortar

The rule of preparation methods and environment factors which influence the compression sensitivity was the prerequisite of utilizing the smart properties of SSM. Experiment test was carried out for the analysis of some factors that influence the compression sensitivity, including the steel slag content, curing regime, age, water content and temperature. It was found that the compressive sensitivity of SSM increased with the increase of steel slag content, water curing time and water content. And at early age, the compressive sensitivity of SSM decreased with the increase of age and the compressive sensitivity of SSM gradually stabilized after 28d age. When the water content was between surface drying condition and air seasoning condition or the temperature was between 5 ℃ and 25℃, the compressive sensitivity of SSM kept stable. The dominant factors for the compression sensitivity were water content and temperature, followed with age, and the influence of curing regime could be neglected. The influence of environment factors on the compression sensitivity could be weaken with the increase of steel slag content and selecting the stress resistivity change rate curve based on water content and temperature of SSM.     

Preparation of Cementitious Material Based onAlkali GGBS Manganese Alloy Slag System

Manganese alloy slag is an industrial waste produced from manufacture of manganese alloy. Recent years environment pollution of manganese slag has been becoming heavier and heavier with the development of manganese industry. Aiming to sort out this problem, combination of manganese slag and ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) were applied to prepare alkali activated cementitious material. Compressive strength and flexural strength of cementitious material prepared with combination of alkali slag manganese slag were measured. And micro structure of hydration production was investigated by scanning electro microscope (SEM). It was shown that the flexural and compressive strength of cementitious material with alkali GGBS manganese slag system were decreased with the increase of replacement of GGBS by manganese slag. The increase of the fineness of manganese slag was favorable for strength improvement of the alkali GGBS manganese slag material. It was concluded that ground manganese slag had hydraulic activity in alkali activated cementitious material and the activity was lower than that of GGBS.     

防止土法炼锌废渣充填场地重金属污染复垦技术

黔西北赫章县炼锌造成大量的废弃地,土地复垦成为当地面临的主要问题。为大面积的土地复垦提供基础数据,在平整的废渣堆上用0、25和50 kg/m2的碱石灰做隔离层,然后在隔离层上覆以30、45和60 cm的非污染区土壤,共9个处理;选用当地的主要农作物红豆、白菜、玉米和马铃薯进行试验。通过近2 a对红豆、白菜、玉米和马铃薯可食部分和复垦土壤的重金属进行One-Way ANOVA （LSD）分析和富集系数比较得出碱石灰隔离层降低了农作物可食部分的重金属含量;玉米是对重金属富集系数最小的农作物,适合作为土地复垦的首选农作物,而白菜对重金属的富集系数最大,不适合在炼锌区复垦土壤种植;经济有效的碱石灰隔离层厚度为25 kg/m,复垦土壤的厚度为30 cm。